Ecological–Health Risk of Antimony and Arsenic in Centella asiatica, Topsoils, and Mangrove Sediments: A Case Study of Peninsular Malaysia

The current study assessed the ecological–health risks of potentially toxic arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) in vegetable Centella asiatica , topsoils, mangrove sediments sampled from Peninsular Malaysia. As concentrations ranged 0.21 to 4.33, 0.18 1.83, 1.32 20.8 mg/kg dry weight, for leaves, stems, roots vegetable, respectively. ranges Sb were 0.31–0.62, 0.12–0.35, 0.64–1.61 children’s target hazard quotient (THQ) values indicated no non-carcinogenic both leaves although THQ higher than those adults. calculated estimated weekly intake lower established provisional tolerable children adult consumers. carcinogenic risk (CR) stems vegetables showed more public concern levels topsoils generally (although not significantly) sediments, resulting a geoaccumulation index, contamination factor ecological risk, THQ, CR values. This that anthropogenic sources originated land-based activities before reaching near coast. signifies dire need comprehensive exposure studies, as dietary involves just consumption. Therefore, management Malaysia is highly recommended. present findings based on 2010–2012 samples can be used an important baseline future reference comparison.